Definition
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ChEBI: A hydrate that consists of dapagliflozin compounded with (S)-propylene glycol and hydrate in a (1:1:1) ratio. Used to improve glycemic control, along with diet and exercise, in adults with type 2 diabetes.
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Clinical Use
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The most likely process-scale synthesis has been described in a literature publication and patent, and this is summarized in the scheme below. The synthesis began with global silylation glucolactone 63 to form tetrasiloxide 64. In parallel, commercial 5-bromo-2-chlorobenzoyl acid (65) was converted to the corresponding acid chloride with oxalyl ch loride. Subsequently, this acid chloride was subjected to Friedel-Crafts acylation with ethyl phenyl ether ("phenetole") in the presence of aluminum trichloride at low temperature to give benzophenone 66 in 91% yield. Next, the carbonyl functionality within 66 was removed upon treatment with triethylsilane and boron trifluoride-etherate, producing 5-bromo-2-chloro- 4'-ethoxydiphenylmethane 67 in 75% yield as the aglycon partner. Aryl bromide 67 was subjected to lithium halogen exchange conditions and subsequent exposure to lactone 64, which gave a mixture of lactols which were then immediately subjected to metha nesulfonic acid to provide glucol 68 in 85% yield. The anomeric methoxy group of 68 was reduced with triethylsilane and boron trifluoride-etherate followed by peracetylation to deliver α-C-glycoside tetra-acetate 69 in 55% (two steps) after recrystalliaztion in ethanol. Hydrolysis of polyacetate 69 with lithi m hydroxide gave dapagliflozin in quantitative yield, and upon treatment with propanediol in water, dapagliflozin propanediol hydrate (X) was produced.
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Chemical Synthesis
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Dapagliflozin propanediol hydrate, an orally active sodium glucose cotransporter type 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor, was developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS) and AstraZeneca for the once-daily treatment of type 2 diabetes. As opposed to competitor SGLT-2 inhibitors, dapagliflozin was not associated with renal toxicity or long-term deterioration of renal function in phase III clinical trials. The drug exhibits excellent SGLT2 potency with more than 1200 fold selectivity over the SGLT1 enzyme.
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